Month: April 2025

What you don’t know about magnesium

Magnesium deficiency is associated with Parkinson’s disease1, Alzheimer’s disease2, stroke3, migraine4, hypertension, congestive heart failure, arrhythmia, myocardial infarction, diabetes5, affective disorders like stress6, depression and anxiety7, chronic inflammation, cancer8, and muscle integrity9.

The Integral Role of Magnesium in Muscle Integrity and Aging: A Comprehensive Review

Magnesium also affects all of the hallmarks of aging, which are listed here in yellow and linked to their outcomes in blue:

Magnesium and the Hallmarks of Aging

What causes deficiency?

The majority of people in the US are not meeting the RDA for magnesium, with only 43% of people getting enough.10 Magnesium deficiency is also becoming more common over time11.

This is despite nearly a third of all US adults taking multivitamins, which usually include magnesium.12 One reason they can still be deficient in magnesium is that zinc13, calcium14 and vitamin D15 supplementation can block magnesium absorption.

Magnesium is also lost in sweat, which can cause athletes to be deficient16.

Foods that are high in magnesium like whole grains, green leafy vegetables, and nuts are readily available17, but unfortunately popular pesticides and fertilizers reduce the ability of plants to absorb magnesium from the ground18, meaning that in the last 50 years, as pesticide and fertilizer use has increased, magnesium in diets has decreased.

Mg depletion in the soil results in lower concentrations in plants, therefore altering animal intake and resulting in human Mg deficient intake19.

For these reasons, it’s important for most people to supplement magnesium, and to make sure to take it separately from other minerals like zinc, iron, and calcium. The usual recommendation is to allow at least a 2-hour buffer after taking magnesium.20

Magnesium can also affect absorption of certain pharmaceuticals like antibiotics, and diabetes and thyroid medication. If you take prescription medication it’s essential that you familiarize yourself with any contraindications, which are usually listed in the manual or online.

This can be a great way to evaluate the quality of a multivitamin or protocol; if it provides other minerals along with magnesium in the same tablet or time-frame, it might not be the most well-planned product.

Increased calcium and phosphorus intake also increases magnesium requirements and may worsen or precipitate magnesium deficiency.21

When the ratio of magnesium to calcium and phosphorous is outside of the normal range, it leads to various problems known collectively as disorders of mineral metabolism22.

In the last century, phosphorous and calcium intake have generally increased, thanks to processed meat, soft drinks and cheese, while magnesium has decreased.

[…] the most dramatic change that has occurred since the early 1900s until now regarding phosphate, calcium and magnesium has been a reduction in magnesium intake, going from around 500 mg/day to an average of 250 mg/day. Thus, the calcium:magnesium ratio has increased from approximately 2:1 to 5:1, and the phosphate:magnesium ratio has increased from 1.2:1 to around 7:1.23

Best forms of magnesium

Elemental magnesium is not well absorbed on its own, so it needs to be bound with something else to be worth taking as a supplement. There are a lot of popular forms, with some significant differences between them.

One of the most popular forms is magnesium citrate, which is lovingly known to some as magnesium shitrate, because it is an osmotic laxative that doubles as a treatment for constipation. You might want to avoid that for your regular health stack. So what other options are there?

Image from https://www.ephlebotomytraining.com/types-of-magnesium/

Here we can see some key differences between forms. As you might be able to guess from the words “glycinate” and “taurate”, they are magnesium bound with glycine and taurine, which are both great for health and longevity on their own. They can also both go into the brain, and have been associated with heart health24

How much should I aim to get?

Each form of magnesium has a certain percentage of elemental magnesium, which is that amount of actual magnesium. Ideally those numbers are written on the container so you know you are getting the actual amount you want. The RDAs are based on the amount of elemental magnesium, not the amount of bonded magnesium.

The NIH recommends that in general, adults get between 310-420mg of elemental magnesium per day25.

It’s important to consider individual needs and risks, and for those who are willing and able to measure their blood magnesium levels, that is a more reliable way to know whether you have too little. For example, when treating deficiency:

The therapy should proceed for more than one month, and then continue with a dose that holds the serum value not lower than 0.9 mmol/L magnesium26.

Dietary magnesium intake and the risk of cardiovascular disease, type 2 diabetes, and all-cause mortality: a dose–response meta-analysis of prospective cohort studies

As we can see, magnesium intake reduces risk of coronary heart disease, stroke, type 2 diabetes, and all-cause mortality. The total cardiovascular disease graph is the only one that is less straightforward, with big gaps between the lines showing a lack of confidence, and the authors of the meta-analysis say:

The pooled results suggest that magnesium intake is not significantly associated with CVD27

Conclusion

I think it would be hard to find another single supplement that has such a profound array of effects, and is such a common deficiency.

Making sure you get 310-420mg per day from all sources, while also not getting too much calcium, zinc and phosphorous, will help you stay healthy and live longer.

  1. https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/29920021/ ↩︎
  2. https://pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/articles/PMC5660707/ ↩︎
  3. https://pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/articles/PMC7103847/ ↩︎
  4. https://pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/articles/PMC11858643/ ↩︎
  5. https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/15372830/ ↩︎
  6. https://pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/articles/PMC7761127/ ↩︎
  7. https://pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/articles/PMC7352515/ ↩︎
  8. https://pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/articles/PMC8349125/ ↩︎
  9. https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/38140385/ ↩︎
  10. https://www.ars.usda.gov/northeast-area/beltsville-md-bhnrc/beltsville-human-nutrition-research-center/docs/california/ ↩︎
  11. https://pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/articles/PMC5786912/ ↩︎
  12. https://edition.cnn.com/2023/04/18/health/supplement-use-wellness/index.html ↩︎
  13. https://ods.od.nih.gov/factsheets/Magnesium-Consumer/ ↩︎
  14. https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/14013831/ ↩︎
  15. https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/14268669/ ↩︎
  16. https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/2373583/ ↩︎
  17. https://bmcmedicine.biomedcentral.com/articles/10.1186/s12916-016-0742-z#Sec1 ↩︎
  18. https://hh-ra.org/wp-content/uploads/2017/07/Glyphosate-mineral-levels-EurJAgron-Cakmak-2009.pdf ↩︎
  19. https://pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/articles/PMC7649274/ ↩︎
  20. https://medlineplus.gov/druginfo/meds/a601074.html ↩︎
  21. https://pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/articles/PMC5786912/ ↩︎
  22. https://pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/articles/PMC2486454/ ↩︎
  23. https://pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/articles/PMC5786912/ ↩︎
  24. The Mineral Fix by James DiNicolantonio and Siim Land ↩︎
  25. https://ods.od.nih.gov/factsheets/Magnesium-HealthProfessional/#h2 ↩︎
  26. https://pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/articles/PMC5786912/#s10 ↩︎
  27. https://bmcmedicine.biomedcentral.com/articles/10.1186/s12916-016-0742-z#Sec9 ↩︎

March roundup

Here’s a summary of the most interesting research I saw this month:

Spermidine may prevent atherosclerosis1

Spermidine, which is found naturally in wheat germ and legumes (particularly soy), is capable of impeding the oxidation of bad cholesterol (LDL), a crucial step in the development of endothelial dysfunction and atherogenesis.

The researchers also found its antioxidant effects on LDL to be higher than the well-known antioxidant α-KG (Alpha-Ketoglutarate).

My comment: More research is needed to determine whether supplementation in humans is a good idea, but this certainly supports the existing evidence that dietary spermidine is a good thing.

Microplastics hinder plant photosynthesis2

Researchers estimated that between 4% and 14% of the world’s staple crops of wheat, rice and maize is being lost due to microplastics, and the numbers could rise.

They also estimated that microplastic pollution could increase the number of people at risk of starvation from 700 million to 1.1 billion in the next two decades.

My comment: I gave an outline of some major problems caused by microplastics in my article about the risks of paint3, and this adds another important element to that. We need to stop using plastic.

Artificial light at night linked to cancer4

A study of data from 158 countries showed that artificial light at night is a significantly correlated with all forms of cancer, and also the four most common cancers – lung, breast, colorectal, and prostate cancer.

The researchers controlled for population size, electricity consumption in kWh, air pollution, and forested area.

My comment: It can be hard to properly control for variables when using huge and varied data sets like this, so it’s not convincing on its own, but other research has also shown links between light at night and cancer (especially breast cancer) for a long time5 6 7 8, so this could be a valuable piece of the puzzle. I personally make sure that my light at night is mostly red and amber, and that outdoor light pollution is not visible in my bedroom.

Replacing butter with plant-based oils could lower mortality by 17%9

Data from 221,054 participants was used to show that substituting 10 grams of butter a day (less than a tablespoon) with equivalent calories of plant-based oils could lower cancer deaths and overall mortality by 17%.

My comment: This is a popular political issue at the moment in the USA, so the timing of this study is important.

Reusing deep-fried oil may cause neurological disorders that are inherited by offspring10

To our knowledge we are first to report long-term deep-fried oil supplementation increases neurodegeneration in the first-generation offspring.

My comment: This research on rats is alarming, given how many of us consume takeout food cooked in reheated oil. It will be interesting to see whether a mechanism is discovered in subsequent research, with the authors expressing an interest in exploring the relationship between gut microbiota and the brain.

  1. https://pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/articles/PMC11858627/#sec3-molecules-30-00955 ↩︎
  2. https://www.theguardian.com/environment/2025/mar/10/microplastics-hinder-plant-photosynthesis-study-finds-threatening-millions-with-starvation ↩︎
  3. https://klaustownsend.com/the-risks-of-paint/ ↩︎
  4. https://pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/articles/PMC5454613/#sec1-3 ↩︎
  5. https://pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/articles/PMC8520294/ ↩︎
  6. https://pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/articles/PMC3002207/ ↩︎
  7. https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/34656111/ ↩︎
  8. https://ehp.niehs.nih.gov/doi/full/10.1289/EHP9381#sec-3 ↩︎
  9. https://medicalxpress.com/news/2025-03-large-dietary-habits-oils-butter.html ↩︎
  10. https://www.asbmb.org/asbmb-today/science/032524/deep-fried-oil-neurodegeneration ↩︎